Showing posts with label GRE 写作. Show all posts
Showing posts with label GRE 写作. Show all posts

Saturday, August 22, 2009

ISSUE写作文章结构

A.如何写好开头段
开头段必须有明确的论点引述。
首先,复述题目不是照抄,要完美改写,一般有主动被动改写名词替换词组代替动词等方式,实在没有变化的就变and前后两个词的顺序
It is impossible for an effective political leader to tell the truth all the time.
替换成:
Being an effective political leader should modestly withhold some information from public.

其次, 响应题目时,观点一定要鲜明。开头一定要简洁,不要太罗嗦。

常见的几种开头写法:
1. 重述作者观点 +自己立场。
The speaker/author suggests/asserts/prefers/claims/advocates that....

肯定作者: In my point of view/In my opinion////I tend to agree that.../take for granted that..../ am in favor of .../ am inclined to support the idea that.... , which can be substantiated by the following discussions...

否定作者: In my point of view, however, I disagree with the speaker for some obvious reasons/ on the ground that.......
At the first glance, this opinion seems to be somewhat appealing/convincing, but further reflection tells me that I cannot agree with it for the following reasons.

2. 比较双方观点,+阐述自己的观点
3.背景开头+立场
4. 提问+立场
5. 直接陈述观点+立场
6.引用


B 正文body的写法---示范三段型

BODY: B1. Paral1- Topic sent.1
Paral2- Transfer sentence(并列,递进,转折)/ Demonstration
Paral 3-Example/Survey/Analogy
Paral4 -Conclusion

B2. Paral1- Topic sent.1
Paral2- Transfer sentence(并列,递进,转折)/ Demonstration
Paral 3-Example/Survey/Analogy
Paral4 -Conclusion


B3 Paral1- Topic sent.1
Paral2- Transfer sentence(并列,递进,转折)/ Demonstration
Paral 3-Example/Survey/Analogy
Paral4 -Conclusion


C.结尾段的写法
1.总结重申观点
2.提出尚待履行的措施,建议等。
模板:
Without A....; Without B.....; thus..... (双WITH 结构)。


In sum, from what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that.....


To sum up, due to the above mentioned reasons, which sometimes correlate with each other to generate an integrate whole and thus become more convincing than any single one of them, we may be comfortable to say that..........



Consequently, due to analysis and reasons mentioned above, which sometimes intertwine to form an organic whole and thus become more persuasive than any one of them, we may safely arrive at the conclusion that........

Wednesday, August 19, 2009

写作句型 1

Sb. always go into raptures at the mere/ly mention of sth.
Sb. are forever talking about sth.
nothing is more add. than. sth. in+介词短语
There is nothing that can't be compared with sth.

Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.

Many young people always go into raptures at the merely mention of buying fashion clothes, and they seem to be attracted by colorful material, various styles of fashion clothes. There is nothing, they maintain, that can't be compared with fashion clothes. In fact, fashion clothes had become indispensable part of youngster's life.




There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

No one can deny the fact that person's education is the most important aspect of his life.

No one can doubt the essential fact that the traffic problem over the last years has caused wide public concern all over the world.

Nothing is more important than to receive education.

We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

There is no denying that the qualities of our life have gone from bad to worse.

There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.

So precious time is that we can't afford to waste it.

Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.

There is no one but longs to go to college.

There is no doubt that the increase in demand causes the rise in prices.

No one could seriously think that anyone who grows up poor, lives in a bad neighborhood, and attends an inferior school has an opportunity equal to that of someone more favored.



Any government which is blind to this point may pay a heavy price.
This is a matter of life and death-a matter no country can afford to ignore.
Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot afford.
In conclusion, we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants' lives. Any government that is blind to this point will pay a heavy price.



It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.
On the one hand, it is indisputable that boarding school are exerting a growing important effect, especially in last few years.



From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will play essential roles in modern society.
From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students, their family, even the society as a whole.
Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.

From what has been discussed above, I am fully convinced that
the leisure life-style is undergoing decline with the progress of modern society, it is not necessary a bad thing.

From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that
, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages should not be ignore and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.

From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that
, although the parents' desire to look after children by themselves in understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh its advantages.

From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that
basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in people's life and economic growth.

From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw conclusions that
both boarding schools and day schools are important to train students for our society.

From what has been discussed above, I firmly believe that
time will prove that traditional technology and methods will die out with the development of modern science and technology. The maintenance of the traditional technology and methods is futile.

From what I have mentioned above, we can see clearly that
violence on TV has great influence on youngster's behaviors.






This issue has caused wide public concern.

Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.

This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of the world.

There is growing tendency these days for
many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in cities. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.

The issue is becoming a matter of concern for more and more people, especially for parents and experts in education.




A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a person's education is a most important aspect of his life.

At the same time, there are still many people who live under the traditional idea that boarding school provides better environment and facilities for children.

Although many people tend to live under the illusion that traditional technology and methods are still playing extremely important role in people's lives, increasing evidences show that it is less useful than many people thinks.

To average people, they often tend to live under the illusion that English often means a good opportunity for one's career, is this the real case?





Every parent should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

As a popular saying goes, " Everything has two sides." Now the public are more and more benefit from scientific and technological inventions. On the other hand, the progress of science and technology is bringing us a lot of trouble. People in many countries are suffering from public hazards.



Many sociologists points out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.

It is suggested that governments ought to make efforts to reduce the increasing gap between cities and countryside. They ought to set aside an appropriate fund for improvement of the standard of peasant's lives. They ought to invite some experts in agriculture to share their experiences, information and knowledge with peasants, which will contribute directly to the economic growth of rural areas.

There are several reasons for this problem. One of the main reasons is that the number of vehicles is increasing much more rapidly than building of roads. Another primary reasons is that there seem to be too many private cars and not enough public buses.

There are two reasons for the improvement in people's living conditions. In the first place, we have been carry out the reform and opening-up policy. Secondly, there has been a rapid expansion of our national economy. Furthermore, the birth rate has been put udner control.

My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows. To begin with, it is urgent to creat nature reserves. Secondly, certain are wild animals that are going to be extinct should be collected, fed and reproduced artificially. Finally, those who hunter them must be punished severely.

In many countries, when jobs become available for young people in distant cities, when television begins to dominate home life, when ready-made foods appear in the markets, the culture appears more "American"-although the resemblance could be entirely superficial.




The more books we read, the more learned we become.
The harder you work, the more progress you make.

Friday, August 14, 2009

ETS issue 官方范文

http://www.eng24.com/html/2008-8/2008822135113542.html

ETS ISSUE评分标准

1. complexity. GRE 写作不提倡绝对化的分析(单一赞成或反对)。要多角度分析-分析不同领域中,不同情况下的事物的两面性。

2. insightful position. 全面深刻理解题目。所表达的观点首先要自圆其说,其次要求新颖独到

3. conveys meaning skillfully. 运用多种论证方法和技巧来表达思想和内容。 从 形式逻辑和内容逻辑入手:文章的行文方向起承转合,论述内容要有内在脉络。
4. compelling reasons. 有说服力的理由及论证目的。

5,persuasive examples 。 用来支持reason的例证,使其更具体,更易被读者理解,从而产生共鸣。

6. well-focused: 中心明确,各分段主题句明确,各分支观点都是为了说明文章的中心。 

7. well-organized: 切记: 每个大的论述单元后要小结, 全文结尾要对全文进行总结延伸。 不能单纯地重复罗列各分论点,要根据全文的论证脉络,把各点有机地结合起来(分领域或者让步后转折等等),起到深化主题的作用。

8,connecting ideas logically: 需要使用过渡句以及起承转合词,或有此种作用的句子

9. effective vocabulary: 平时要积累常用的论证词,也就是写作词汇。

10. sentence variety:长短句结合,被动句主动句结合,肯定句否定句结合。ETS藐视使用短句的人。

Thursday, August 13, 2009

如何从实力化角度真正提高自己的GRE写作水平

1. 大量阅读
A。 范文。从范文仲提炼文章的结构和逻辑层级,即论证体系。要从范文仲提炼语言点(词,短语,句式。)。
B. 读历史。哲学。政治等相关书籍,储备GRE 写作必需的知识量。
对名人事例的储备和相关知识的积累。 历史长河的大量事例是最有说服力的例证。

2. 研习题库,写提纲,练习
每一个题目的提纲力求详细,不用写开头段和结尾段,只写正文各段的各个分支观点。把支持论证的论据也写上。一定要较为详细地写ISSUE写 提纲。。此外,考前必需将题目按题材分类去写提纲,看懂,知道对立面和大致写作思路,往往论据在同类的许多题目中通用;写完提纲后,再写20-40篇完整的文章。

Monday, August 3, 2009

GRE作文书大比拼(摘)

来自菲娅的《北美范文》,来自静霆的《李建林—作文5.5分 ISSUE篇》,来自胡晓的《孙远—GRE写作》,来自沈渊的《韦小亮—GRE大讲堂》,来自网络SEVEN-TEEN的“17天备考GRE作文”的各类 资料,还有就是来自新东方的黄皮书和讲义,以及各种各样来自网络的资料。


先说最经典的《北美范文》吧,估计只要备考GRE的都人手一册了吧.因为它的广泛拥有和流传多年,其中的例子和句型都已经被用烂了,再原封不动的照本宣科,就很容易与“抄袭”亲密接触了.

5.5很管用,尤其是里面的十大论证法,是你不需要例子也有大量话可写。ISSUE只要例子多就好写”的说法还是有一定的道理的,这是在很后来我才体会出来的。因为有大量的例子,心里就会踏实,光描述一个例子就可以占据很大篇 幅,不愁没话写,而且ISSUE题都有分类,遇到同类题,当缺乏观点时,可以拿相关的例子去套,然后总结出一个观点,当然,这需要融会贯通,后期才会感到 非常有用。更当然,你要没有例子也能大段论述也是种能力,但是要论述深入、严谨比较困难,而且容易沦入空泛~

孙远的GRE写作,网上有完全的电子版。他有全ISSUE242篇的提纲,而且是全英文的,再就是被亲切的称为“韦小宝”的韦小亮《GRE作文大讲堂》 了。里面也有全242篇issue题的提纲,其中范文、提纲都很不错。每篇提纲前面都有中文介绍背景知识,很有启迪作用,也可当作休闲看看,不会太累~

先说ISSUE,我是按照分类高频备的(这招很有用,多谢大家的提点,后期节省了很多时间)用的是全国高频加厦门08年1-3月的高频,按技术、政治、历史、教育、学科类的顺序来列提纲,搜资料的。看过所有ISSUE题,重点熟悉高频题。如果时间足够多的话,还是应该多写高频题,多列提纲,提纲最好详细到:立场—3个观点+例子—结尾。海洋的牛人和北大的小杨都列过80篇以上的高频提纲,我比较不如,只列过40篇。
例子也最好按分类准备,比如说技术类,准备一批,政治类,准备一批,这样就容易融会贯通,后期会发现有时候一个例子几乎全通用,只要你有心,没有用不上 的~呵呵,看你怎么掰了~而且例子方面建议要勤快更换,参考书和网上的一些例子几乎都被用烂了(可是我在考场上这点做得不好,用了老例子~),最好是自己 熟悉的例子,用时可以手到擒来,并且不容易出错。像我用的政治类和艺术类的例子大多是中国的,中国的领导人,中国的文学家,中国的历史事件,呵呵,毕竟对 自己国家还是更有感情。修瑞曾经说过,应尽量用老美熟悉的例子,美国的历史,欧洲的艺术家,希腊和罗马的文化,还有圣经。但是,短期内还真是难以完全“欧 美化”,况且评分人不都是“truly edcated”的吗?相信他们的知识应该够广泛吧,中国好歹是大国,重大人物和事件也应有所耳闻吧,不过也别准备的太骗偏了,估计要是给他整出个唐中宗 年代的例子,除非他是研究中国古代史方面的专家,否则还是得晕菜~

再说说argument吧。海洋的牛人说,他246篇argue全列过提纲,对此我只有顶礼膜拜了。我只列了100篇,然后就实在撑不住了,时间也不允 许,所以后100来篇只是找了找错误。但是全部看一遍argue题还是很有必要,起码熟悉了一遍题目,预防在考场上看不懂题而影响理解。不过有些题的确比 较变态,我就记得那道“彗星撞地球”的题,当时看都看不明白,郁闷的只想去撞墙……开始的时候比较担忧,因为我是还剩10天的时候才来看argue, 但是大家劝我不要太紧张,因为argue相对容易,后来事实也证明的确如此。看看范文,整理出模板,基本也就差不多了,而且整理出模板后,基本上后面也不 会有太多的变化。考试的时候比较幸运,抽到的是那道关于“建议员工参加快速阅读课程”的题,张雷东在课堂上讲过,讲义也有详细论述,我当时在考场上看到它 时,就松了一口气,知道下面的只是时间问题了,不会再被不确定的因素担惊受怕了。总体而言,argue还是比issue简单的多,GRE作文重点还是在 issue,毕竟观点原创和独立论述比较难。
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1. 新东方的《GRE作文大讲堂-方法、素材、题目剖析》:强烈推荐这本书。这本书是最近新东方刚出版的,是由新东方集团目前的GRE作文首席讲师韦晓亮编著 的,由于出版的晚,因此个人认为是最全面、信息量最新的一本书,而且极大的吸收了前几本书的优点,作文gter们来说,应该首选这本书作为GRE作文或者 托福作文的备考,里面有每一个题目的中英文提纲,同时拥有G友们最头疼的“论据素材库”和“论证语言库”,尤其是论证语言库,建议把里面的那些漂亮的段落 背诵80%的话,你的语言和思想绝对上升一个台阶。个人认为不足之处是:范文偏少。将来应该再提供更多的一些范文。
2. 孙远的《GRE写作》,这本书应该是中国GRE写作的第一本,因此大家比较熟悉,孙远的书语言很好,当时可用的信息太少,尤其是在现在的版本中去掉了“工 具箱”,使得这本书的利用价值已经不大了。只不过这本书名气实在太大,但是太老了,已经过时了,已经被其他基本书的质量完全甩在了身后,不推荐买这本。
3. 《北美范文精选》,这本书是地道的美国人写的文章,经过中国人翻译之后,形成了现在的风格,优点在于,其范文写的质量很高,很漂亮,大概有100来篇,但 是这本书的范文是备考GRE作文的中国同学望尘莫及的,操作性不够,语言很漂亮,但想效仿太难,对于短期备考用处不大,而且大家不可能逐一去背诵里面的范 文,总之,这本书的质量很不错,但是好的东西未必能发挥其最大的益处。建议《GRE作文大讲堂》+《北美范文》这种搭配也是我现在的搭配,感觉很棒,有这 两本书就绝对够了,最完美的搭配。
4. 钱坤强的《GRE作文5.5分-issue篇》和《GRE作文5.5分-argument篇》,个人觉得这本书里的文章逻辑不合常理,感觉很多题目有跑题 之嫌,尤其是Argument里面,很多逻辑错误攻击的时候很牵强,issue里的范文还不错,但也只能部分参考,因为作者的写作思维似乎和常人不进相 同,语言优美,论据充足,但依然是有些文章的逻辑无法让人理解,由于这本书网上有电子版,因此部分参考就可以了,不需要买了。
5. 猴哥的《满分作文》,这本书的优点是也是对每个题目给出了英文提纲,同时分析了每一个argument题目的逻辑错误,但是英文提纲里的错误太多,基本上 是网上网友们的东西,作者直接放到了书里,建议猴哥的书不用买,但是满分网的确是非常好的网www.manfen.net,里面有猴哥《满分作文》的电子 版下载,可以及时的参考网友们写的文章。关于argument,猴哥给出了详细的逻辑错误介绍,但个人认为没有必要花那么大的篇幅去分析每一个 Argument题目,因为gre的逻辑错误也就8大种,各个题目在逻辑错误上是相似和相通的,关键在于掌握每个逻辑错误的形式、攻击语言就可以了,自己 去准备题库里的argument的逻辑错误,比参考别人的要有效的多。