ISS-23 to27 摘

23. Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives.

Keys: fragmented information overall perspectives

A. With advances in technology, we can obtain a great deal of factual information not available to us several years ago, removing trivialities of the research process. 比如电脑的使用

B. People's capability to master large issues is larged define by their ability to discriminate between essences and trifles.

C. There is no denying that easy access to information made possible by technology can broaden horizons. Advanced technology has brought about new life. Also undeniable is the laziness that comes with the comfort and convenience achieved by technology, but it is unfair to blame the development of technology for disengaging people from their daily trifles.






24. People in positions of power are most effective when they exercise caution and restraint in the use of that power.

key: restraint in the use of that power.


A.There are abundant historical examples showing that an unrestrained person is in danger of abusing power, rather than making proper use of it. Some emperors and medieval kings are prime examples.
B.Power is endowed to leaders in order to serve the public through noble administration. Using power without restraint, that is , power abuse, might subjugate others in the short term by may arouse rebellion.
C.Every society or group has instilled a system to prevent the improper behavior of those in power. The scope of such a system varies greatly, being more rigid in democratic nations than in other countries, and appearing more rigorous with modern companies than traditional factories.


25. Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction-in other words, to make things as simple as possible.

keys: make things as simple as possible.

A. In the ever-growing and increasing complex digital world, it will take more efforts and courage to ease and simplify the service in the internet, such as the searching of information than to add to the complexity of the internet.
B. Human's natural tendency to create things bigger and more complex is manifested in the " big government"-unwieldy bureaucracies.
C.Adding further credibility to the statement is the increasing complexity of law system.



26.Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground tha modern planners feel could be better for modern purposes. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served."

keys: valuable record preservation of historic buildings contemporary needs


A. It is undoubtedly necessary for us to devote ourselves to the pursuit of old buildings preservation. Architecture is a history textbook record in stone. The values of old building are manifold: they are one of the most cogent living testimonies of history, they convey the essence of our native culture and they serve as landmarks for a city or a nation. Even putting their aesthetic , historic and architectural values aside, the mere sound of the Great Wall or the Athenian Temple conjures up emotions and fantasies.

B. Architecture, as a characteristics of culture, is one of the most valuable legacies left by our ancestors. In this sense, it is negligent to argue that modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings. When the two conflict, should we satisfy the need of urgent construction at the great expense of our own identity?

C. In view of current technology, we can find others ways to deal with the conflicting interests in historic buildings and modern developments. For instance, we can employ subway systems to ameliorate the metropolitan traffic, rather than toppling older buildings for pavement. We can also maintain or incorporate traditional architectural style and function into future development, as it being done in Rome. If left with no other alternative, we can even relocate entire structures to more convenient, protected lands.




27. No one can possibly achieve success in the world by conforming to conventional practices and conventional ways of thinking.

keys: conventional


A.Conventional practices and ways of thinking are experiences and thinking models or frames formed by our predecessors, most of which have been proven by facts and results to be effective and efficient in practice. In any circumstances similar to our predecessors', if one conducts as the conventions he or she will succeed easily. As these conventions already exist, the conductor need not put forth much effort to succeed.

B.Conforming to conventional practices and ways of thinking discourages creativity and dramatic social change. ( 例证: 伽利略) Galileo, dissatisfied with Aristotle's deeply ingrained understanding of nature, despised the prejudices and book learning of Aristotle, putting his question to nature instead of to ancients, fearlessly drawing his conclusion. Although he was unmercifully persecuted by religion courts, he generalized the results from his many experiments into the distinguished law of gravity. This initiated the battle between modern science and medieval religions, securing his esteemed reputation in scientific history. " Towering genius disdains a beaten path. It seeks......."

C.If one wants to achieve great success, it is essential to question and challenge conventional practices and ways of thinking, to never idolize conventions. We should respect the importance of conventions, many of which maintain order and stability of society. We should only break from conventional practices and thought that impede further development of society. In doing so, one could achieve great success for himself and his society.

ISS-21 &22 摘

21. " Reform is seldom brought about by people who are concerned with their own reputation and social standing. Those who are readily in earnest about reforming a government, an educational system, or any other institution must be willing to be viewed with disdain by the rest of the world."

Keys: Reform reputation and social standing disdain







22. "Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups ( family, friends, teachers, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and behave in the way they do. Yet it is always society as a whole that defines us and our attitudes, not a few individuals."
Keys: fragmented information overall perspectives

A. Individuals and small groups around us with whom we have direct contact not only affect our character and attitude, but also broaden and develop our mind. Our parents, who bore and nurtured us, taught us our first lessons in understanding man and society; our teachers, who indoctrinated us with their profound knowledge, taught us scientific truth as well probity; our close friends encouraged us to persevere when we encountered defeat. From ignorant infants to independent adults, we are defined by the direct connections to our friends, our family and our authorities.

B. Society undeniably plays a leading role in defining us and our attitudes. Upon closer inspection, we will find that the influence of society and the influence of individuals and groups are neither isolated nor detached from one another.

The influence of family and friends is merely an indirect influence of society. It seems that our parents guide us directly, but our parents are actually the outcome of the nurturing of their own parents. Continuing on this line, we may reach the conclusion that one is actually influenced by numerous interconnected families, friends, teachers and celebrities across space and time. We are ultimately moulded by society.

C.The property of diversified communication methods makes it much easier for people to access information of the world. Internet breaks the geography limitations and brings everyone easily and quickly to new ideas and happenings, which further amplified the influence of the society or even the world as a whole on individuals.

D. We cannot deny that the society as a whole deeply affects us, neither can we ignore the influence exerted by individuals and small groups. Every human is an active node in the network of society, no part of which is truly isolated from the rest. Each node continuously influences the others' attitudes and behaviors, and likewise receives their influence, even when the two ends are entirely unknown to one other. Both individuals and small groups, as a part of one integrated society, define us and our attitudes.

ISS-20 摘

20."National governments should devote more of their social programs and service to children than to adults."

Keys: children adults

A.They are in fact equally important even if we instinctually care most for the well-being of our children. If we want our children to live in a good society, where they can grow well, shall we neglect the needs of adults, who actually govern and maintain said society? The unmitigated problems of adults can deeply affect a society. If such problems cannot be well solved, current and future stability of the society will be in danger.

B.Furthermore, as children are the future of the country, their well-being tightly correlates to national development 10 to 20 years down the road, when the majority of them will grow into roles at the very foundations of society. Present social services and programs for children have long term effects, with a continued influence even after their own adulthood.

C. Care for adults to preserve the present; care for children to ensure the future.

ISS-19 摘

19."If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens."
before :条件状语从句

keys: overall success individual


A. Society is a constituency of individual citizens. There is no such entity that exists independently above the thousands of thousands of people that is called "society". A society must necessarily represent its citizens' interests. The standard for prosperity of a society can only be connected with the well being of its individual citizens.

B. If the well being of individual citizens is ignored, forcing a low living standard, they will cause great trouble to the society, even rebelling and revolting in attempts to destroy it. 例如： 由于失业率的上升而造成的犯罪问题等等。

C. However, the government may sacrifice individual citizens' interest for the greater good of society as a whole. With the construction of the subway, for example, the government will require the reconstruction or even deconstruction of existing homes and buildings in the path of the tunnel. In such an event, individual citizens are forced to move out of their homes or suffer inconveniences in transportation and pollution. But these sacrifices are often based on a more profitable future for many more residents in that city, and those who receive the detrimental effects are usually compensated. In most cases, large scale public construction programs will not begin if proven not beneficial to most habitants of the city.

ISS-18 摘

18." Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea."

Keys: doubt and contrasting views

A. Without doubt and contrasting ideas, laziness of thought dominates us and suffices us with only superficial knowledge of a topic. 举例，在伽利略提出反对亚里士多德的观点以前，人们对于亚里士多德的观点盲目相信了很长时间，就是因为没有异议和反对的观点。

B. When the idea held is challenged, however, we are motivated to defend it against doubts and disagreements. In order to convincing others of the value of the idea, we have to persuade ourselves first. Therefore we will look inside the idea, considering its stability and soundness in order to diminish the doubts cast on the idea. On the other hand, we must have a good understanding of the contrasting views by rational analysis and comparison rather than abruptly dismiss them as nonsense. Only then can we find the flaws in our own idea and the merits in others', thus modify it accordingly.

C. Defending our idea is not the only method to obtain discovery. Thorough research can enlighten as well.


1. HE that knows nothing, doubts nothing.

2.Truth may be blamed, but shall never be shamed.

3.As long as the world shall last there will be worngs, and if no man rebelled, those wrongs would last forever.

ISS-17 摘

17. "There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and , even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."

Keys: obey just laws disobey and resist unjust laws

A.Without fast and hard rules of law, a society cannot be expected to be able to comply with those laws. Certain standards for enforcement and judgment must of course be followed up with a certain amount of discretion allowed to make sure that, although justice is blind, it is not stupid.

B.The very function of law is to bring stability and order to the group of people that the laws are enforced upon. For a legal system to work for a society, the laws must be knowable, fair and implemented equally among the population.

C.However, in reality, the law is adaptable and flexible in certain situations, places and times. Although the written rules of law must be fixed and seldom changed, the people that enforce the laws, as well as those who judge those who break the laws, have a certain amount of built-in discretion to see that justice is done.

ISS-1 摘6

16." although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals."

keys: conveniences prevent strong and independent

A. Modern facilities provide humans with more independence. The automobile, for example, serves to enhance independence in transportation and residence. Cars make it possible for people to travel to isolated areas without suffering the stuffiness of public transportation, and to purse employment far from their communities.

B. We work more effectively and efficiently with the aid of such conveniences as the automobile and the computer. We are more productive than ever.

C.Inventions like the automobile and computer have freed time to engage in other meaningful activities or to spend time with family.

ISS-15 摘

15. The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior.

Keys: stability respond extremes

A. It is the responsibility of the government, in order to maintain peace, to punish desperadoes who commit extremely harmful behaviors. Otherwise, an increased presence of extreme human behaviors will undoubtedly unsettle or even frighten the population. If the government cannot control the situation quickly, widespread extreme behaviors will result in great social panic. Imprisonment and heavy punishment have proved to be effective measures of reducing and avoiding such incidents.

B.Merely punishing criminals can temporarily reduce the occurrences of extreme behaviors. It cannot, however, eradicate them. Society should pay more attention to the social causes extreme behaviors, analyzing motives and problems like poverty, inequity and discrimination. The more impoverished and inequitable a society is, the more likely a motive for drastic action to escape such conditions. As long as these social problems persist, it is virtually impossible to entirely eliminate the extremes. Therefore, it is essential that the society eradicate these social problems that lie at the roots of the extreme behavior.

C.Remedies should be available to reassure the public of government capability and to instill faith in a better future. This includes relevant laws to prevent such extreme behavior from recurring, or at least to deter the perpetrators from doing so.

ISS-14 摘

14. "It is necessary for everyone to read poetry, novels, mythology and other types of imaginative literature."

Keys: imaginative literature

A. Poetry, novels, mythology and other types of imaginative literature are the outcome of human intellectual creation, the reading of which will surely enrich our spiritual world.

B.Literature can help us sharpen our ability to analyze and cope with complex social issues, stimulate our imagination and broaden our appreciation of art.

C. Literature expresses the history and culture of different religions, nationalities and cultural backgrounds, thus improving mutual understanding, respect and tolerance.

D. However, it may be excessive for those concerned with practical work, who struggle for food and shelter, precluding entertainment.It is presumptuous to advise that every person should read, and subsequently benefit, from imaginative literature.

ISS-13 范文 摘

13. Many of the world' lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct."

Keys: lesser-known languages

范文：
It is always said that where there is a different language, there is unique culture. The origin and growth of each language is accompanied by the beginning, thriving, changing of a culture. As the precious legacy handed down by ancestors, a language is the key to the study and preservation of a culture. Nowadays, unfortunately many minor languages are in danger of extinction since they are used by fewer and fewer people. Such an alarm has caught the notices of scientists and appealing is presented to urge the governments to take some action in order to prevent such irrecollectable treasures from lost in our hands.
There are a lot of factors that bring about the trend. To some extent, it's the aftermath of colonization, in which the colonizers brought their own languages there and set it as the official language. Though many of these once colonized countries got back their own authority dozens of years ago, the impaction on culture and language has lasted till today and the original ones seem to be impossible to be retrieved any more. Even in some countries where there has never been any kind of colonization in its history, the golden days of multi-language have passed. The modernization and industrialization ask for a massive communication and interaction between people from around the country or even from foreign countries. Migration also plays an crucial role in the blending and mixing of different cultures. Therefore people have to turn to a more widely used language, putting aside their own dialect, to make themselves accepted better by the society. On the other hand, youngsters, who are the inheritor of traditional culture and language, are refusing to play the role as the link in the chain. Local languages, such as dialects, are dismissed by them as obsolete. They would like to use some more modern languages to give them sense of fashion, or authority, or even dignity. The traditional languages, on the contrary, are often laughed at as out-of-date and only spoken by grandpa->grandfather.
Since the trend of neglecting many lesser-known languages seems not easily to be stopped or even decelerated by the strength from the language and the culture themselves, it's time for the governments of countries, in which these languages are spoken, to lay a hand to prevent the heirlooms from disappearing. Where a language is on the brink of extinction, the primary task of the government there is to offer sufficient financial support and manpower to make record and study of the losing language as soon as possible. For example, special department aimed at the study and documentation of traditional culture and language should be set up, in which professionals can have enough funds and tools to work efficiently. Such method is rather than passive approach in that it cannot prevent a language from out of use. However, it can at least offer valuable material to our descendants as the necessary history archives for future study of the culture and language.
While the situation is not that bad, the government should employ some more active methods to give life to traditional culture and language. Fore example, the youngsters should be encouraged to learn and use local languages as well as the official languages; they should be taught how to appreciate the values and beauty of their local cultures. The government, which has power in leading the public trend of society, should also incultivate its people to take pride in the uniqueness and preciousness of local history, culture and language, which they used to contempt or even ashamed for.
Every language, every culture is one of the pearl in a beautiful necklace, without which not only the beauty but also the integrity is damaged. It's government's responsibility to prevent any language from extinction, and it's also the obligation for every one of us to engage in the presentation of our culture.

ISS-12 摘

12." People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic."
Keys: surroundings internal characteristic

A.Internal characteristics govern immediate attitude. Whether clever or stupid, good- or bad-tempered, every man's character is rooted in his childhood. No matter how fickle his attitude might be at any given time, it serves as a direct reflection of the.... process of his character.

B.Compared with internal characteristics, current external stimuli and surroundings only serve as a minor element in formation of attitudes. But this does not mean that we should ignore the influence of environment. The outside surroundings can, over time and experience, alter internal characteristics, ultimately and indirectly influencing an immediate reaction. Thus, external stimuli and environment are of essential, secondary importance in determining attitude.



When the fight begins within himself, a man's worth something. (Robert Browning)
当一个人内心开始斗争时，他就有了价值。

Optimist: A man who gets treed by a lion but enjoys the scenery. ( Walter Winchell)
乐观主义者：被狮子逼上了树但仍能欣赏风景的人。

ISS-11 摘

11."All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems."

Keys: global university

A.International academic cooperation is imperative for solving the global problems of deteriorating environment, because students in the global university would bring diverse cultural and educational perspectives to the problems they seek to solve. Consider, for instance, the depletion of atmospheric ozone, which has warned the Earth to the point that it threatens the very survival of the human species.

B.As to economic realm, international cooperation is necessary for coping with the challenges we confront today. Consider that a financial crisis-or a political crisis or natural disaster in one country can spell trouble for foreign companies, many of which are now multinational in that they rely on the labor forces, equipment, and raw materials of other nations.

C. The significance of international cooperation is evident in the real of inhibition and fighting against the crimes such as international drug transaction and terrorism.

D.Notwithstanding the forgoing reason why a global university would help solve many of our most pressing social problems,the establishment of such a university poses certain problems of its own, which must be addressed in order that the university can achieve its objectives.

ISS-10 摘

10." Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated."

Keys: major cities financial support cultural traditions

A.First of all, subsidizing cultural traditions is not a proper role of government. Admittedly, certain objects, such as public health and safety, are so essential to the survival of large cities and of nations that government has a duty to ensure that they are met. However, these objects should not extend tenuously to preserving cultural traditions.

B.Secondly, subsidizing cultural traditions is not a necessary role of government. A lack of private funding might justify an exception. However, culture-by which I chiefly mean the fine arts-has always depended primarily on the patronage of private individuals and businesses, and not on the government.

C.Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the speaker unfairly suggests that large cities serve as the primary breeding ground and sanctuaries for a nations' cultural traditions.

ISS-9 摘

9.Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholar's ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wilder audience, their ideas will have little use.

Keys: specialized narrow audience

A. Most of our ancient maestros of academic, like Aristotle and Socrates, were all-round talents having marvelously good command of science, art, and philosophy.With the growth of all these academics into more and more complex and profound divergences, however, today it is never impossible for any prodigy to contain details of all kinds of knowledge in his mind. Academic disciplines have become specialized in recent years, which can only be understand by those devoted themselves to the subject while avoiding outsiders even from relevant subjects from assessing, let alone the public.

B. The world around us presents a seamless web of physical and anthropogenic forces, which interact in ways that can be understood only in the context of a variety of disciplines.类比论证：就好比生产线的生产过程，虽然每个工人的工作不同，但最终的目标都是生产出完整的产品。而整个过程中的每个步骤之间都是有关系的。

C. From these scholars' perspectives, they should not focus in excess on whether their ideas are accepted and understood by a wider audience for the reason that the mass sometimes have limited knowledge and intellect in comparison with scholars.

ISS-8 摘

8. It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public.

keys: political withhold information

A. The more a government or the political leaders withhold information from the public, the more hostility the public advocated against the government.

B. Sometimes the government withholds some information to prevent opponent opinions, while the different voices do not stand for the incompatible of a society.

C. People have the right to know the truth.

ISS-7 摘

7. The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records.

Keys: Video camera written records


A. Video cameras are not used as frequently as written records. Because video cameras are too expensive for most people, especially in developing nations. Moreover, the written document is a far more convenient method of recording in many occasions.

B. Though the video camera provides an accurate record of physical life and phenomena, it cannot competently provide insight into the mind.

C.The video camera has its merits, but we should make good use of technology without abandoning traditional methods. These two media can build upon one another, resulting in a multimedia testimony to a modern life.

ISS-6 摘

6. The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of it youth.

keys: contemporary culture trends of its youth

A. The youth of society are full of passion and vitality.Lacking a steadfast conviction in tradition, they easily accept, understand and develop new concepts. Analysis of youth trends is crucial to understand contemporary progressive culture.

B.Yet our society is not composed of youth alone.We must carefully consider new contributions of all adults to contemporary culture as well. The more mature generations dominate fields of politics, economics, culture and even entertainment. By example and education, they also lead younger generations. A preclusion of adult influence would ignore the lion's share of understanding any culture.

C. Naturally, a cross-sectional study of age groups would best represent a contemporary, integrated, diverse culture. But culture, and the evolution of culture, cannot be defined by age alone.

ISS-5 摘

5. A nation should require all its student to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer.

Keys: same national curriculum different parts


A.Different regions, especially larger countries, maintain diverse cultures, educational backgrounds, habits and economic levels. It is impractical and presumptuous to impose the same requirements and criteria on populations who do not undergo the same social experience.


B. At present, no society can guarantee all students the opportunity to go to college. It is quite necessary to provide various technical skills to students across the nation who are not expecting a higher education.


C.Nevertheless, fundamental knowledge, social skills and moral education should be instilled in every high school student before conferring the title of 'graduate'.

ISS-4 摘

4. No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study.

KEYS: outside field

A.Isolation results in stagnation. As interconnected fields experience mutual growth and prosperity, modern studies require further collaboration for continued progress and success. Without supporting advances in calculus, the field of economics would never have seen the booming growth of its last 20 years.Mathematics helped convert economics from a qualatative, speculative field to a quantitative, definitive one.

B. The inclusion of varied fields to the study of any problem provides greater insights and comprehension. It also prevent the unmitigated influence of one predominated idea that may in fact be unture either in current or previous context.

C. Individually, if one wants to make great contributions to a certain field, the first and most important thing is to master all its foundational knowledge.

可用到的精彩论证段落及名人名言
1. Towering genius disdains a beaten path. It seeks regions hitherto unexplored. (Lincoln)
卓越的天才不屑走旁人走过的路，他寻找迄今未开拓的地区。
2. As long as the world shall last there will be wrongs, and if no man rebelled, those wrongs would last forever.(Clarence Darrow)

3. He must ever be receptive and sensitive to the new; and have sufficient courage and skill to face novel facts and to deal with them. (Franklin Roosevelt, American president)

ISS-3 摘

3. It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations.

Keys: existing social problems long-term research
提纲：

A.Though some research cannot result in immediate profits, it is vital and valuable to the life and health of future generations. "We should so live and labor
in our time that what came to us as seed may go to the next generation as blossom, and what came to us as blossom may go to them as fruit. This is what we mean
by progress."(H.W. Beecher)

B. Several immediate, existing social problems cannot be neglected. If these problems are not resolved in time, future consequences will be dire(可怕的.

C。These two facets of budgeting and potential are not mutually exclusive. If our governments can coordinate these two efforts through cost analysis and
induction, future societies may reap the benefits of today's sound investments.