ISSUE写作文章结构

A.如何写好开头段
开头段必须有明确的论点引述。
首先，复述题目不是照抄，要完美改写，一般有主动被动改写，名词替换，词组代替动词等方式，实在没有变化的就变and前后两个词的顺序。
It is impossible for an effective political leader to tell the truth all the time.
替换成：
Being an effective political leader should modestly withhold some information from public.

其次， 响应题目时，观点一定要鲜明。开头一定要简洁，不要太罗嗦。

常见的几种开头写法：
1. 重述作者观点 +自己立场。
The speaker/author suggests/asserts/prefers/claims/advocates that....

肯定作者： In my point of view/In my opinion////I tend to agree that.../take for granted that..../ am in favor of .../ am inclined to support the idea that.... , which can be substantiated by the following discussions...

否定作者： In my point of view, however, I disagree with the speaker for some obvious reasons/ on the ground that.......
At the first glance, this opinion seems to be somewhat appealing/convincing, but further reflection tells me that I cannot agree with it for the following reasons.

2. 比较双方观点，+阐述自己的观点
3.背景开头+立场
4. 提问+立场
5. 直接陈述观点+立场
6.引用


B 正文body的写法---示范三段型

BODY： B1. Paral1- Topic sent.1
Paral2- Transfer sentence(并列，递进，转折）/ Demonstration
Paral 3-Example/Survey/Analogy
Paral4 -Conclusion

B2. Paral1- Topic sent.1
Paral2- Transfer sentence(并列，递进，转折）/ Demonstration
Paral 3-Example/Survey/Analogy
Paral4 -Conclusion


B3 Paral1- Topic sent.1
Paral2- Transfer sentence(并列，递进，转折）/ Demonstration
Paral 3-Example/Survey/Analogy
Paral4 -Conclusion


C.结尾段的写法
1.总结重申观点
2.提出尚待履行的措施，建议等。
模板：
Without A....; Without B.....; thus..... (双WITH 结构）。


In sum, from what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that.....


To sum up, due to the above mentioned reasons, which sometimes correlate with each other to generate an integrate whole and thus become more convincing than any single one of them, we may be comfortable to say that..........



Consequently, due to analysis and reasons mentioned above, which sometimes intertwine to form an organic whole and thus become more persuasive than any one of them, we may safely arrive at the conclusion that........

科学蒙难集

科学蒙难集
online 版。

ISS-23 to27 摘

23. Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives.

Keys: fragmented information overall perspectives

A. With advances in technology, we can obtain a great deal of factual information not available to us several years ago, removing trivialities of the research process. 比如电脑的使用

B. People's capability to master large issues is larged define by their ability to discriminate between essences and trifles.

C. There is no denying that easy access to information made possible by technology can broaden horizons. Advanced technology has brought about new life. Also undeniable is the laziness that comes with the comfort and convenience achieved by technology, but it is unfair to blame the development of technology for disengaging people from their daily trifles.






24. People in positions of power are most effective when they exercise caution and restraint in the use of that power.

key: restraint in the use of that power.


A.There are abundant historical examples showing that an unrestrained person is in danger of abusing power, rather than making proper use of it. Some emperors and medieval kings are prime examples.
B.Power is endowed to leaders in order to serve the public through noble administration. Using power without restraint, that is , power abuse, might subjugate others in the short term by may arouse rebellion.
C.Every society or group has instilled a system to prevent the improper behavior of those in power. The scope of such a system varies greatly, being more rigid in democratic nations than in other countries, and appearing more rigorous with modern companies than traditional factories.


25. Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction-in other words, to make things as simple as possible.

keys: make things as simple as possible.

A. In the ever-growing and increasing complex digital world, it will take more efforts and courage to ease and simplify the service in the internet, such as the searching of information than to add to the complexity of the internet.
B. Human's natural tendency to create things bigger and more complex is manifested in the " big government"-unwieldy bureaucracies.
C.Adding further credibility to the statement is the increasing complexity of law system.



26.Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground tha modern planners feel could be better for modern purposes. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served."

keys: valuable record preservation of historic buildings contemporary needs


A. It is undoubtedly necessary for us to devote ourselves to the pursuit of old buildings preservation. Architecture is a history textbook record in stone. The values of old building are manifold: they are one of the most cogent living testimonies of history, they convey the essence of our native culture and they serve as landmarks for a city or a nation. Even putting their aesthetic , historic and architectural values aside, the mere sound of the Great Wall or the Athenian Temple conjures up emotions and fantasies.

B. Architecture, as a characteristics of culture, is one of the most valuable legacies left by our ancestors. In this sense, it is negligent to argue that modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings. When the two conflict, should we satisfy the need of urgent construction at the great expense of our own identity?

C. In view of current technology, we can find others ways to deal with the conflicting interests in historic buildings and modern developments. For instance, we can employ subway systems to ameliorate the metropolitan traffic, rather than toppling older buildings for pavement. We can also maintain or incorporate traditional architectural style and function into future development, as it being done in Rome. If left with no other alternative, we can even relocate entire structures to more convenient, protected lands.




27. No one can possibly achieve success in the world by conforming to conventional practices and conventional ways of thinking.

keys: conventional


A.Conventional practices and ways of thinking are experiences and thinking models or frames formed by our predecessors, most of which have been proven by facts and results to be effective and efficient in practice. In any circumstances similar to our predecessors', if one conducts as the conventions he or she will succeed easily. As these conventions already exist, the conductor need not put forth much effort to succeed.

B.Conforming to conventional practices and ways of thinking discourages creativity and dramatic social change. ( 例证: 伽利略) Galileo, dissatisfied with Aristotle's deeply ingrained understanding of nature, despised the prejudices and book learning of Aristotle, putting his question to nature instead of to ancients, fearlessly drawing his conclusion. Although he was unmercifully persecuted by religion courts, he generalized the results from his many experiments into the distinguished law of gravity. This initiated the battle between modern science and medieval religions, securing his esteemed reputation in scientific history. " Towering genius disdains a beaten path. It seeks......."

C.If one wants to achieve great success, it is essential to question and challenge conventional practices and ways of thinking, to never idolize conventions. We should respect the importance of conventions, many of which maintain order and stability of society. We should only break from conventional practices and thought that impede further development of society. In doing so, one could achieve great success for himself and his society.

英语四六级考前辅导：写作高分速成115个佳句 - 云南考试网

英语四六级考前辅导：写作高分速成115个佳句 - 云南考试网

写作句型 1

Sb. always go into raptures at the mere/ly mention of sth.
Sb. are forever talking about sth.
nothing is more add. than. sth. in+介词短语
There is nothing that can't be compared with sth.

Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.

Many young people always go into raptures at the merely mention of buying fashion clothes, and they seem to be attracted by colorful material, various styles of fashion clothes. There is nothing, they maintain, that can't be compared with fashion clothes. In fact, fashion clothes had become indispensable part of youngster's life.




There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

No one can deny the fact that person's education is the most important aspect of his life.

No one can doubt the essential fact that the traffic problem over the last years has caused wide public concern all over the world.

Nothing is more important than to receive education.

We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

There is no denying that the qualities of our life have gone from bad to worse.

There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.

So precious time is that we can't afford to waste it.

Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.

There is no one but longs to go to college.

There is no doubt that the increase in demand causes the rise in prices.

No one could seriously think that anyone who grows up poor, lives in a bad neighborhood, and attends an inferior school has an opportunity equal to that of someone more favored.



Any government which is blind to this point may pay a heavy price.
This is a matter of life and death-a matter no country can afford to ignore.
Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot afford.
In conclusion, we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants' lives. Any government that is blind to this point will pay a heavy price.



It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.
On the one hand, it is indisputable that boarding school are exerting a growing important effect, especially in last few years.



From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will play essential roles in modern society.
From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students, their family, even the society as a whole.
Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.

From what has been discussed above, I am fully convinced that the leisure life-style is undergoing decline with the progress of modern society, it is not necessary a bad thing.

From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages should not be ignore and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.

From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although the parents' desire to look after children by themselves in understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh its advantages.

From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in people's life and economic growth.

From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw conclusions that both boarding schools and day schools are important to train students for our society.

From what has been discussed above, I firmly believe that time will prove that traditional technology and methods will die out with the development of modern science and technology. The maintenance of the traditional technology and methods is futile.

From what I have mentioned above, we can see clearly that violence on TV has great influence on youngster's behaviors.






This issue has caused wide public concern.

Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.

This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of the world.

There is growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in cities. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.

The issue is becoming a matter of concern for more and more people, especially for parents and experts in education.




A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a person's education is a most important aspect of his life.

At the same time, there are still many people who live under the traditional idea that boarding school provides better environment and facilities for children.

Although many people tend to live under the illusion that traditional technology and methods are still playing extremely important role in people's lives, increasing evidences show that it is less useful than many people thinks.

To average people, they often tend to live under the illusion that English often means a good opportunity for one's career, is this the real case?





Every parent should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

As a popular saying goes, " Everything has two sides." Now the public are more and more benefit from scientific and technological inventions. On the other hand, the progress of science and technology is bringing us a lot of trouble. People in many countries are suffering from public hazards.



Many sociologists points out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.

It is suggested that governments ought to make efforts to reduce the increasing gap between cities and countryside. They ought to set aside an appropriate fund for improvement of the standard of peasant's lives. They ought to invite some experts in agriculture to share their experiences, information and knowledge with peasants, which will contribute directly to the economic growth of rural areas.

There are several reasons for this problem. One of the main reasons is that the number of vehicles is increasing much more rapidly than building of roads. Another primary reasons is that there seem to be too many private cars and not enough public buses.

There are two reasons for the improvement in people's living conditions. In the first place, we have been carry out the reform and opening-up policy. Secondly, there has been a rapid expansion of our national economy. Furthermore, the birth rate has been put udner control.

My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows. To begin with, it is urgent to creat nature reserves. Secondly, certain are wild animals that are going to be extinct should be collected, fed and reproduced artificially. Finally, those who hunter them must be punished severely.

In many countries, when jobs become available for young people in distant cities, when television begins to dominate home life, when ready-made foods appear in the markets, the culture appears more "American"-although the resemblance could be entirely superficial.




The more books we read, the more learned we become.
The harder you work, the more progress you make.

语法-倒装

14.1 倒装句之全部倒装

全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和　一般过去时。常见的结构有： 　1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。 　 There goes the bell. 　 Then came the chairman. 　 Here is your letter. 　2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 　　Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 　　Ahead sat an old woman. 　注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 　　 Here he comes.　　 Away they went. 14.2 倒装句之部分倒装 　 部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。 　1)　句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。 　　Never have I seen such a performance. 　　Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 　　Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 　当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。 注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。 　　 I have never seen such a performance. 　　 The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep. 典型例题　　 1)　Why can't I smoke here? 　　At no time___ in the meeting-room A. is smoking permitted　　B.　smoking is permitted C. smoking is it permitted　D.　does smoking permit 答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time. 2） Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is. 　　A. man did know　 B. man know　 C. didn't man know　 D. did man know 　答案D.　 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。 　改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。 14.3 以否定词开头作部分倒装 　 如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than 　 Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 　 Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 　 No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. No sooner ... than= scarely ... when = hardly ... when 刚.... 就....；一....就... 这三个短语与as soon as 的中文意思类似。 只不过，as soon as 要主将从现 前三个短语要与过去完成时态连用。例如： I will let you know as soon as he comes.( 主将从现） I had no sooner come back than it began to rain.= I had hardly come back when it began to rain.= I had scarely come back when it began to rain. 我刚回来就开始下雨了。（与过完连用） 此外，no sooner, hardly, scarely 放于句首，引起倒装。上面的例句可以改成： No sooner had I come back than it began to rain.= Hardly had I come back when it began to rain= Scarely had I come back when it began to rain. 典型例题 No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily. A. the game began　　　　　 B.　has the game begun C. did the game begin　　　 D.　had the game begun 答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when　等等。 注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。 　 Not only you but also I am fond of music. 14.4 so, neither, nor作部分倒装 　 表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。　　　　 　　Tom can speak French. So can Jack. 　　If you won't go, neither will I. 典型例题 　---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother? 　---I don't know, _____. 　A. nor don't I care　　B. nor do I care　　C. I don't care neither　　D. I don't care also 答案：B. nor为增补意思"也不关心"，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。 　 注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。 　 Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. 　 ---It's raining hard.　　　---So it is. 14.5 only在句首要倒装的情况 　 Only in this way, can you learn English well. 　 Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 　 如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装 　 Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. 14.6 as, though 引导的倒装句 　 as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。 注意： 　　　 1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。 　　　 2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,　 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。 　　 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 注意: 　　让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。 14.7 其他部分倒装 1)　 so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。 　　 So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 2)　在某些表示祝愿的句型中： 　　May you all be happy. 3)　在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。 　 Were I you, I would try it again. 典型例题： 1） Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is　　 A. man did know　 B. man knew　 C. didn't man know　 D. did man know 答案为D.　否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。 2） Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.　 A. didn't I realize　　B. did I realize　　C. I didn't realize　D. I realize 　答案为B。 3)　Do you know Tom bought a new car? 　I don't know, ___. 　A. nor don't I care　 B. nor do I care　 　C. I don't care neither　D. I don't care also 　解析：答案为B.　句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。

语法网站推荐

语法网站推荐

1.洪恩英语语法 链接地址 http://www.hongen.com/eng/pub/yufac/index.htm 使用语言 中文 网站内容 语法的基本定义、例句、例题以及用法辨析 网站特点 1 内容全面、类别广泛 2 列表使得结构更加清晰 使用建议 适用于各个层次的英语学习者，可作为语法小词典 2.Grammar 链接地址 http://grammar.englishclub.com/index.html 使用语言 英文 网站内容 1 语法术语概念、讲解、表格、例子（词、句子）、试题 2 页面上的English Grammar Links可以链接到其它语法网站 网站特点 内容简洁、词汇简单、结构清晰 使用建议 适用于初、中级英语学习者 3.English grammar 链接地址 http://www.grammarstation.com/ 使用语言 英文、中文（繁体）、日文 网站内容 1 语法概念、运用规则、构成、例子、试题、易混淆词汇解析以及正误例句对比 2 页面上的Grammar Checker 可以检测25字以内语句的语法 3 页面上的Quiz Zones 包含各类语法测试题库，其测试结果可通过E-mail发送至学习者 4 页面上的Language Activities 提供各类休闲娱乐的语言游戏，如猜谜语、测智商等 网站特点 1 内容丰富：分8大类介绍语法规则和知识 2 查询功能强大：如果随意输入词汇，页面将显示该词汇词性、含义；如果按词性等分类方式输入词汇，页面将显示该词汇含义、词性变换规则和例子 3 需要注册成为会员（免费）才能进行查询和学习 使用建议 适用于中级学习者，可作为系统学习语法的辅助教材 4.The Online English Grammar 链接地址 http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/ 使用语言 英文 网站内容 语法项目定义、例子 网站特点 1 查询方式有两种：按照语法现象目录查询和按照字母查询，比如查询名词用法，也可以点击字母n 2 语法现象列表方式与中国传统语法学习方式有些不同，可能中国学习者会感觉不适 3 页面提供免费的语法测试库，测试具有互动性，界面设计如同电脑游戏，趣味性比较强 使用建议 适用于中级学习者 5.The Online English Grammar 链接地址 http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/index.htm 使用语言 英文 网站内容 1 语法术语定义、例句、例文、试题、语法学习歌 2 介绍词句、段落、文章及学术写作三个层面上的语法知识 3 列举语法练习和语法学习中的常见问题。 4 提供语法有关的参考资料，如语法书推荐，语法发展方面的论文等 网站特点 内容丰富、形式新颖、类别全面 使用建议 适用于中级学习者，可作为语法学习辅助教材

ISS-21 &22 摘

21. " Reform is seldom brought about by people who are concerned with their own reputation and social standing. Those who are readily in earnest about reforming a government, an educational system, or any other institution must be willing to be viewed with disdain by the rest of the world."

Keys: Reform reputation and social standing disdain







22. "Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups ( family, friends, teachers, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and behave in the way they do. Yet it is always society as a whole that defines us and our attitudes, not a few individuals."
Keys: fragmented information overall perspectives

A. Individuals and small groups around us with whom we have direct contact not only affect our character and attitude, but also broaden and develop our mind. Our parents, who bore and nurtured us, taught us our first lessons in understanding man and society; our teachers, who indoctrinated us with their profound knowledge, taught us scientific truth as well probity; our close friends encouraged us to persevere when we encountered defeat. From ignorant infants to independent adults, we are defined by the direct connections to our friends, our family and our authorities.

B. Society undeniably plays a leading role in defining us and our attitudes. Upon closer inspection, we will find that the influence of society and the influence of individuals and groups are neither isolated nor detached from one another.

The influence of family and friends is merely an indirect influence of society. It seems that our parents guide us directly, but our parents are actually the outcome of the nurturing of their own parents. Continuing on this line, we may reach the conclusion that one is actually influenced by numerous interconnected families, friends, teachers and celebrities across space and time. We are ultimately moulded by society.

C.The property of diversified communication methods makes it much easier for people to access information of the world. Internet breaks the geography limitations and brings everyone easily and quickly to new ideas and happenings, which further amplified the influence of the society or even the world as a whole on individuals.

D. We cannot deny that the society as a whole deeply affects us, neither can we ignore the influence exerted by individuals and small groups. Every human is an active node in the network of society, no part of which is truly isolated from the rest. Each node continuously influences the others' attitudes and behaviors, and likewise receives their influence, even when the two ends are entirely unknown to one other. Both individuals and small groups, as a part of one integrated society, define us and our attitudes.

ISS-20 摘

20."National governments should devote more of their social programs and service to children than to adults."

Keys: children adults

A.They are in fact equally important even if we instinctually care most for the well-being of our children. If we want our children to live in a good society, where they can grow well, shall we neglect the needs of adults, who actually govern and maintain said society? The unmitigated problems of adults can deeply affect a society. If such problems cannot be well solved, current and future stability of the society will be in danger.

B.Furthermore, as children are the future of the country, their well-being tightly correlates to national development 10 to 20 years down the road, when the majority of them will grow into roles at the very foundations of society. Present social services and programs for children have long term effects, with a continued influence even after their own adulthood.

C. Care for adults to preserve the present; care for children to ensure the future.

ISS-19 摘

19."If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens."
before :条件状语从句

keys: overall success individual


A. Society is a constituency of individual citizens. There is no such entity that exists independently above the thousands of thousands of people that is called "society". A society must necessarily represent its citizens' interests. The standard for prosperity of a society can only be connected with the well being of its individual citizens.

B. If the well being of individual citizens is ignored, forcing a low living standard, they will cause great trouble to the society, even rebelling and revolting in attempts to destroy it. 例如： 由于失业率的上升而造成的犯罪问题等等。

C. However, the government may sacrifice individual citizens' interest for the greater good of society as a whole. With the construction of the subway, for example, the government will require the reconstruction or even deconstruction of existing homes and buildings in the path of the tunnel. In such an event, individual citizens are forced to move out of their homes or suffer inconveniences in transportation and pollution. But these sacrifices are often based on a more profitable future for many more residents in that city, and those who receive the detrimental effects are usually compensated. In most cases, large scale public construction programs will not begin if proven not beneficial to most habitants of the city.

ISS-18 摘

18." Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea."

Keys: doubt and contrasting views

A. Without doubt and contrasting ideas, laziness of thought dominates us and suffices us with only superficial knowledge of a topic. 举例，在伽利略提出反对亚里士多德的观点以前，人们对于亚里士多德的观点盲目相信了很长时间，就是因为没有异议和反对的观点。

B. When the idea held is challenged, however, we are motivated to defend it against doubts and disagreements. In order to convincing others of the value of the idea, we have to persuade ourselves first. Therefore we will look inside the idea, considering its stability and soundness in order to diminish the doubts cast on the idea. On the other hand, we must have a good understanding of the contrasting views by rational analysis and comparison rather than abruptly dismiss them as nonsense. Only then can we find the flaws in our own idea and the merits in others', thus modify it accordingly.

C. Defending our idea is not the only method to obtain discovery. Thorough research can enlighten as well.


1. HE that knows nothing, doubts nothing.

2.Truth may be blamed, but shall never be shamed.

3.As long as the world shall last there will be worngs, and if no man rebelled, those wrongs would last forever.

[新东方英语900句大课堂视频版] - 视频 - 优酷视频 - 在线观看 - 新东�

[新东方英语900句大课堂视频版] - 视频 - 优酷视频 - 在线观看 - 新东�

老俞 英语成功学演讲视频

ISS-17 摘

17. "There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and , even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."

Keys: obey just laws disobey and resist unjust laws

A.Without fast and hard rules of law, a society cannot be expected to be able to comply with those laws. Certain standards for enforcement and judgment must of course be followed up with a certain amount of discretion allowed to make sure that, although justice is blind, it is not stupid.

B.The very function of law is to bring stability and order to the group of people that the laws are enforced upon. For a legal system to work for a society, the laws must be knowable, fair and implemented equally among the population.

C.However, in reality, the law is adaptable and flexible in certain situations, places and times. Although the written rules of law must be fixed and seldom changed, the people that enforce the laws, as well as those who judge those who break the laws, have a certain amount of built-in discretion to see that justice is done.

ISS-1 摘6

16." although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals."

keys: conveniences prevent strong and independent

A. Modern facilities provide humans with more independence. The automobile, for example, serves to enhance independence in transportation and residence. Cars make it possible for people to travel to isolated areas without suffering the stuffiness of public transportation, and to purse employment far from their communities.

B. We work more effectively and efficiently with the aid of such conveniences as the automobile and the computer. We are more productive than ever.

C.Inventions like the automobile and computer have freed time to engage in other meaningful activities or to spend time with family.

ISS-15 摘

15. The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior.

Keys: stability respond extremes

A. It is the responsibility of the government, in order to maintain peace, to punish desperadoes who commit extremely harmful behaviors. Otherwise, an increased presence of extreme human behaviors will undoubtedly unsettle or even frighten the population. If the government cannot control the situation quickly, widespread extreme behaviors will result in great social panic. Imprisonment and heavy punishment have proved to be effective measures of reducing and avoiding such incidents.

B.Merely punishing criminals can temporarily reduce the occurrences of extreme behaviors. It cannot, however, eradicate them. Society should pay more attention to the social causes extreme behaviors, analyzing motives and problems like poverty, inequity and discrimination. The more impoverished and inequitable a society is, the more likely a motive for drastic action to escape such conditions. As long as these social problems persist, it is virtually impossible to entirely eliminate the extremes. Therefore, it is essential that the society eradicate these social problems that lie at the roots of the extreme behavior.

C.Remedies should be available to reassure the public of government capability and to instill faith in a better future. This includes relevant laws to prevent such extreme behavior from recurring, or at least to deter the perpetrators from doing so.

ISS-14 摘

14. "It is necessary for everyone to read poetry, novels, mythology and other types of imaginative literature."

Keys: imaginative literature

A. Poetry, novels, mythology and other types of imaginative literature are the outcome of human intellectual creation, the reading of which will surely enrich our spiritual world.

B.Literature can help us sharpen our ability to analyze and cope with complex social issues, stimulate our imagination and broaden our appreciation of art.

C. Literature expresses the history and culture of different religions, nationalities and cultural backgrounds, thus improving mutual understanding, respect and tolerance.

D. However, it may be excessive for those concerned with practical work, who struggle for food and shelter, precluding entertainment.It is presumptuous to advise that every person should read, and subsequently benefit, from imaginative literature.

ISS-13 范文 摘

13. Many of the world' lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct."

Keys: lesser-known languages

范文：
It is always said that where there is a different language, there is unique culture. The origin and growth of each language is accompanied by the beginning, thriving, changing of a culture. As the precious legacy handed down by ancestors, a language is the key to the study and preservation of a culture. Nowadays, unfortunately many minor languages are in danger of extinction since they are used by fewer and fewer people. Such an alarm has caught the notices of scientists and appealing is presented to urge the governments to take some action in order to prevent such irrecollectable treasures from lost in our hands.
There are a lot of factors that bring about the trend. To some extent, it's the aftermath of colonization, in which the colonizers brought their own languages there and set it as the official language. Though many of these once colonized countries got back their own authority dozens of years ago, the impaction on culture and language has lasted till today and the original ones seem to be impossible to be retrieved any more. Even in some countries where there has never been any kind of colonization in its history, the golden days of multi-language have passed. The modernization and industrialization ask for a massive communication and interaction between people from around the country or even from foreign countries. Migration also plays an crucial role in the blending and mixing of different cultures. Therefore people have to turn to a more widely used language, putting aside their own dialect, to make themselves accepted better by the society. On the other hand, youngsters, who are the inheritor of traditional culture and language, are refusing to play the role as the link in the chain. Local languages, such as dialects, are dismissed by them as obsolete. They would like to use some more modern languages to give them sense of fashion, or authority, or even dignity. The traditional languages, on the contrary, are often laughed at as out-of-date and only spoken by grandpa->grandfather.
Since the trend of neglecting many lesser-known languages seems not easily to be stopped or even decelerated by the strength from the language and the culture themselves, it's time for the governments of countries, in which these languages are spoken, to lay a hand to prevent the heirlooms from disappearing. Where a language is on the brink of extinction, the primary task of the government there is to offer sufficient financial support and manpower to make record and study of the losing language as soon as possible. For example, special department aimed at the study and documentation of traditional culture and language should be set up, in which professionals can have enough funds and tools to work efficiently. Such method is rather than passive approach in that it cannot prevent a language from out of use. However, it can at least offer valuable material to our descendants as the necessary history archives for future study of the culture and language.
While the situation is not that bad, the government should employ some more active methods to give life to traditional culture and language. Fore example, the youngsters should be encouraged to learn and use local languages as well as the official languages; they should be taught how to appreciate the values and beauty of their local cultures. The government, which has power in leading the public trend of society, should also incultivate its people to take pride in the uniqueness and preciousness of local history, culture and language, which they used to contempt or even ashamed for.
Every language, every culture is one of the pearl in a beautiful necklace, without which not only the beauty but also the integrity is damaged. It's government's responsibility to prevent any language from extinction, and it's also the obligation for every one of us to engage in the presentation of our culture.

ISS-12 摘

12." People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic."
Keys: surroundings internal characteristic

A.Internal characteristics govern immediate attitude. Whether clever or stupid, good- or bad-tempered, every man's character is rooted in his childhood. No matter how fickle his attitude might be at any given time, it serves as a direct reflection of the.... process of his character.

B.Compared with internal characteristics, current external stimuli and surroundings only serve as a minor element in formation of attitudes. But this does not mean that we should ignore the influence of environment. The outside surroundings can, over time and experience, alter internal characteristics, ultimately and indirectly influencing an immediate reaction. Thus, external stimuli and environment are of essential, secondary importance in determining attitude.



When the fight begins within himself, a man's worth something. (Robert Browning)
当一个人内心开始斗争时，他就有了价值。

Optimist: A man who gets treed by a lion but enjoys the scenery. ( Walter Winchell)
乐观主义者：被狮子逼上了树但仍能欣赏风景的人。

ISS-11 摘

11."All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems."

Keys: global university

A.International academic cooperation is imperative for solving the global problems of deteriorating environment, because students in the global university would bring diverse cultural and educational perspectives to the problems they seek to solve. Consider, for instance, the depletion of atmospheric ozone, which has warned the Earth to the point that it threatens the very survival of the human species.

B.As to economic realm, international cooperation is necessary for coping with the challenges we confront today. Consider that a financial crisis-or a political crisis or natural disaster in one country can spell trouble for foreign companies, many of which are now multinational in that they rely on the labor forces, equipment, and raw materials of other nations.

C. The significance of international cooperation is evident in the real of inhibition and fighting against the crimes such as international drug transaction and terrorism.

D.Notwithstanding the forgoing reason why a global university would help solve many of our most pressing social problems,the establishment of such a university poses certain problems of its own, which must be addressed in order that the university can achieve its objectives.

ISS-10 摘

10." Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated."

Keys: major cities financial support cultural traditions

A.First of all, subsidizing cultural traditions is not a proper role of government. Admittedly, certain objects, such as public health and safety, are so essential to the survival of large cities and of nations that government has a duty to ensure that they are met. However, these objects should not extend tenuously to preserving cultural traditions.

B.Secondly, subsidizing cultural traditions is not a necessary role of government. A lack of private funding might justify an exception. However, culture-by which I chiefly mean the fine arts-has always depended primarily on the patronage of private individuals and businesses, and not on the government.

C.Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the speaker unfairly suggests that large cities serve as the primary breeding ground and sanctuaries for a nations' cultural traditions.

ISS-9 摘

9.Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholar's ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wilder audience, their ideas will have little use.

Keys: specialized narrow audience

A. Most of our ancient maestros of academic, like Aristotle and Socrates, were all-round talents having marvelously good command of science, art, and philosophy.With the growth of all these academics into more and more complex and profound divergences, however, today it is never impossible for any prodigy to contain details of all kinds of knowledge in his mind. Academic disciplines have become specialized in recent years, which can only be understand by those devoted themselves to the subject while avoiding outsiders even from relevant subjects from assessing, let alone the public.

B. The world around us presents a seamless web of physical and anthropogenic forces, which interact in ways that can be understood only in the context of a variety of disciplines.类比论证：就好比生产线的生产过程，虽然每个工人的工作不同，但最终的目标都是生产出完整的产品。而整个过程中的每个步骤之间都是有关系的。

C. From these scholars' perspectives, they should not focus in excess on whether their ideas are accepted and understood by a wider audience for the reason that the mass sometimes have limited knowledge and intellect in comparison with scholars.

ISS-8 摘

8. It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public.

keys: political withhold information

A. The more a government or the political leaders withhold information from the public, the more hostility the public advocated against the government.

B. Sometimes the government withholds some information to prevent opponent opinions, while the different voices do not stand for the incompatible of a society.

C. People have the right to know the truth.

ISS-7 摘

7. The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records.

Keys: Video camera written records


A. Video cameras are not used as frequently as written records. Because video cameras are too expensive for most people, especially in developing nations. Moreover, the written document is a far more convenient method of recording in many occasions.

B. Though the video camera provides an accurate record of physical life and phenomena, it cannot competently provide insight into the mind.

C.The video camera has its merits, but we should make good use of technology without abandoning traditional methods. These two media can build upon one another, resulting in a multimedia testimony to a modern life.

ISS-6 摘

6. The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of it youth.

keys: contemporary culture trends of its youth

A. The youth of society are full of passion and vitality.Lacking a steadfast conviction in tradition, they easily accept, understand and develop new concepts. Analysis of youth trends is crucial to understand contemporary progressive culture.

B.Yet our society is not composed of youth alone.We must carefully consider new contributions of all adults to contemporary culture as well. The more mature generations dominate fields of politics, economics, culture and even entertainment. By example and education, they also lead younger generations. A preclusion of adult influence would ignore the lion's share of understanding any culture.

C. Naturally, a cross-sectional study of age groups would best represent a contemporary, integrated, diverse culture. But culture, and the evolution of culture, cannot be defined by age alone.

ISS-5 摘

5. A nation should require all its student to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer.

Keys: same national curriculum different parts


A.Different regions, especially larger countries, maintain diverse cultures, educational backgrounds, habits and economic levels. It is impractical and presumptuous to impose the same requirements and criteria on populations who do not undergo the same social experience.


B. At present, no society can guarantee all students the opportunity to go to college. It is quite necessary to provide various technical skills to students across the nation who are not expecting a higher education.


C.Nevertheless, fundamental knowledge, social skills and moral education should be instilled in every high school student before conferring the title of 'graduate'.

ISS-4 摘

4. No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study.

KEYS: outside field

A.Isolation results in stagnation. As interconnected fields experience mutual growth and prosperity, modern studies require further collaboration for continued progress and success. Without supporting advances in calculus, the field of economics would never have seen the booming growth of its last 20 years.Mathematics helped convert economics from a qualatative, speculative field to a quantitative, definitive one.

B. The inclusion of varied fields to the study of any problem provides greater insights and comprehension. It also prevent the unmitigated influence of one predominated idea that may in fact be unture either in current or previous context.

C. Individually, if one wants to make great contributions to a certain field, the first and most important thing is to master all its foundational knowledge.

可用到的精彩论证段落及名人名言
1. Towering genius disdains a beaten path. It seeks regions hitherto unexplored. (Lincoln)
卓越的天才不屑走旁人走过的路，他寻找迄今未开拓的地区。
2. As long as the world shall last there will be wrongs, and if no man rebelled, those wrongs would last forever.(Clarence Darrow)

3. He must ever be receptive and sensitive to the new; and have sufficient courage and skill to face novel facts and to deal with them. (Franklin Roosevelt, American president)

ISS-3 摘

3. It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations.

Keys: existing social problems long-term research
提纲：

A.Though some research cannot result in immediate profits, it is vital and valuable to the life and health of future generations. "We should so live and labor
in our time that what came to us as seed may go to the next generation as blossom, and what came to us as blossom may go to them as fruit. This is what we mean
by progress."(H.W. Beecher)

B. Several immediate, existing social problems cannot be neglected. If these problems are not resolved in time, future consequences will be dire(可怕的.

C。These two facets of budgeting and potential are not mutually exclusive. If our governments can coordinate these two efforts through cost analysis and
induction, future societies may reap the benefits of today's sound investments.

ISS-1 摘

1. We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.
keys: views we share disagreement

论证分析： 只有不同的观点才能对我们的观点形成互补，才能使我们的观点更加全面。但是不能否认有共同观点的人的建议和意见的价值。

提纲：
A. Contradictive opinion always serve to sharply reveal some flaws in your opinion or theory. In contrast, those who accede to opinion are always inclined to neglect even cover up the shortcoming existing in your view. An obvious example is the debate since the opponents can easily find the flaws and weakness in your argument. Consequently, a heated debate, in most cases, leads to a thorough and comprehensive understanding about the subject in discussion.

B. Moreover, contradictory views can inspire you to look into the details of the problem. Admittedly, opposing views may produce some stress but it will by no means inhibit learning. On the contrary, they can serve as an inspiration for exploration and discovery in the realm of knowlege and science. Just as the Chinese old saying goes, " The more the truth is debated, the clearer it becomes."

新东方20条背GRE单词的经验

1 .八字真言—— 一次大量，多次反复。

2.第一遍坚持杨鹏的循环方法，一定要把每个步骤做到，做好；如果每天时间不充裕可采用26天，每天2个list的方法。

3.第一遍不要管英义、派生、同根、同义反义等项，着重记忆主词条、中义和助记法。

4.若用寄托蓝宝，则先不要管类反项，其中涉及的各种关系(如“某某关系”、“某某与某某”、“某某及其某某”等)大多出自宋昊的20种类反关系，第一遍时大可忽略，而且初期阶段对此着意太多，可能会影响后期做真题时的效果。

5.可先看一小部分真题(例如20道)，意在体会类反题所反映出来GRE对单词的考法，使背词时更为有的放矢。

6.不要在主词条附近留下任何标记，意在将“场景记忆效应”减至最低。

7.时刻保持激情，积极思考适于自己的任何助记法(不择手段)。

8.[斟酌使用]可先不背com、con、dis、im、in、un开头的词，待其他的词汇背完后再集中记这些，会发现轻松很多。

9.S开头的单词示所有词汇中最难背的部分(词短、难拆分、助记法少)，背时可视情况放慢进度，耐心记忆。

10.“节奏”是最重要的，背时节奏正确则势如破竹，不对则很容易长时间盯着同一页而思想不集中，什么都没看进去，所以应该在list1时就摸索最适合自己的节奏(即背每一个词、每一页的速度)，摸索到了就要时刻注意按此速度均衡记忆。

11.可用各种记号标示自己对某词的记忆状况，但种类不宜超过三种，且千万不要记在主词条附近(参照上述第6条)。

12.蓝宝优势在于收词全且分类很明晰好用，但对核心词汇部分并没有继续细分重点，建议在背完两三遍后对照老俞的词频表，突出记忆常考、主考词汇。

13.如果听觉记忆比较强，可在空余时段听听老俞的串讲或红宝的MP3(推荐前者)。

14.绝不要厌恶甚至废弃词根词缀记忆法，当你背了很多遍后会感慨着发现，真正牢靠高效的仍是这种最古老最正统的记忆法。

15.不要纠缠在“第一遍到底背那本书更好”这个老问题，在任何一本书上勤奋耕耘，都定能收获巨大，等到词汇背到60%-70%以上后，再考虑用逆序、音序、分类等其他手段巩固记忆。

16.背词闲暇时可自己总结一下所记内容，如“动物”、“药，剂”、“似(某动物)的”、“格言”等，不要一味依赖前人总结的东西。

17.每天睡前小结一下当天背词的心得体会，以后才能越背越顺。

18.情绪不好时、烦躁时听听音乐，特别是“When you believe”、“Everybody hurts”、“Hero”、“In the end”、英雄交响曲这种唤人坚强向上的，或听听老罗语录，呵呵。

19.保持好心态——快乐，自信、坚忍，把背词汇当作一种冒险、游戏、挑战。

20.最后送大家一句话，应该是新东方说的，“你不把单词折磨得死去活来，它就把你折磨得死去活来。”

ETS issue 官方范文

http://www.eng24.com/html/2008-8/2008822135113542.html

ISSUE 写作步骤

1. 读题，分析其含义（30秒）
1）对原题加以限制 2.） 对长论题一分为二或三，分成两三个分支观点分别论述。3）分领域论述。
2.展开大脑风暴，考虑正面的和反面的观点和论据（1分钟）
3. 在以上的基础上，决定一个立场，组织你的观点，也就是对你想到的那些论证和论据做一个符合逻辑的排列，最起码要能够说服自己。
4. 写开头段（4分钟）
1）指出自己的观点以及分支观点。2）指出原题的复杂性。
注意：开头段不要照抄原题，也不要在开头段展开论述或加入论据。
5， 写正文主体段落（33分钟）
1）首先要大致理一下逻辑脉络，特别是段落之间的逻辑关系。
2）然后认真写好每段的开头句，要让其直接体现本段的中心意思。段落之间注意逻辑连接词的使用。
3）然后，在每段开头句的基础上进行详细论述。结合丰富的论据，丰富的论证手法。
6. 写结尾段（4分钟）
结尾段必须要有，否则大大影响成绩。其实际就是把自己的观点重申一下。
7.检查重要的拼写和语法错误（2分钟）。

ETS ISSUE评分标准

1. complexity. GRE 写作不提倡绝对化的分析（单一赞成或反对）。要多角度分析-分析不同领域中，不同情况下的事物的两面性。

2. insightful position. 全面深刻理解题目。所表达的观点首先要自圆其说，其次要求新颖独到。

3. conveys meaning skillfully. 运用多种论证方法和技巧来表达思想和内容。 从 形式逻辑和内容逻辑入手：文章的行文方向起承转合，论述内容要有内在脉络。
4. compelling reasons. 有说服力的理由及论证目的。

5，persuasive examples 。 用来支持reason的例证，使其更具体，更易被读者理解，从而产生共鸣。

6. well-focused:　中心明确，各分段主题句明确，各分支观点都是为了说明文章的中心。　

７. well-organized: 切记： 每个大的论述单元后要小结， 全文结尾要对全文进行总结延伸。 不能单纯地重复罗列各分论点，要根据全文的论证脉络，把各点有机地结合起来（分领域或者让步后转折等等），起到深化主题的作用。

8，connecting ideas logically: 需要使用过渡句以及起承转合词，或有此种作用的句子。

9. effective vocabulary: 平时要积累常用的论证词，也就是写作词汇。

10. sentence variety:长短句结合，被动句主动句结合，肯定句否定句结合。ETS藐视使用短句的人。

如何从实力化角度真正提高自己的GRE写作水平

1. 大量阅读
A。 范文。从范文仲提炼文章的结构和逻辑层级，即论证体系。要从范文仲提炼语言点（词，短语，句式。）。
B. 读历史。哲学。政治等相关书籍，储备GRE 写作必需的知识量。
对名人事例的储备和相关知识的积累。 历史长河的大量事例是最有说服力的例证。

2. 研习题库，写提纲，练习
每一个题目的提纲力求详细，不用写开头段和结尾段，只写正文各段的各个分支观点。把支持论证的论据也写上。一定要较为详细地写ISSUE写 提纲。。此外，考前必需将题目按题材分类去写提纲，看懂，知道对立面和大致写作思路，往往论据在同类的许多题目中通用；写完提纲后，再写20-40篇完整的文章。

BBC - Science & Nature - The Truth About Food

BBC - Science & Nature - The Truth About Food

GRE作文书大比拼(摘）

来自菲娅的《北美范文》，来自静霆的《李建林—作文5.5分 ISSUE篇》，来自胡晓的《孙远—GRE写作》，来自沈渊的《韦小亮—GRE大讲堂》，来自网络SEVEN-TEEN的“17天备考GRE作文”的各类 资料，还有就是来自新东方的黄皮书和讲义，以及各种各样来自网络的资料。


先说最经典的《北美范文》吧，估计只要备考GRE的都人手一册了吧.因为它的广泛拥有和流传多年，其中的例子和句型都已经被用烂了，再原封不动的照本宣科，就很容易与“抄袭”亲密接触了.

5.5很管用，尤其是里面的十大论证法，是你不需要例子也有大量话可写。ISSUE只要例子多就好写”的说法还是有一定的道理的，这是在很后来我才体会出来的。因为有大量的例子，心里就会踏实，光描述一个例子就可以占据很大篇 幅，不愁没话写，而且ISSUE题都有分类，遇到同类题，当缺乏观点时，可以拿相关的例子去套，然后总结出一个观点，当然，这需要融会贯通，后期才会感到 非常有用。更当然，你要没有例子也能大段论述也是种能力，但是要论述深入、严谨比较困难，而且容易沦入空泛~

孙远的GRE写作，网上有完全的电子版。他有全ISSUE242篇的提纲，而且是全英文的，再就是被亲切的称为“韦小宝”的韦小亮《GRE作文大讲堂》 了。里面也有全242篇issue题的提纲，其中范文、提纲都很不错。每篇提纲前面都有中文介绍背景知识，很有启迪作用，也可当作休闲看看，不会太累~

先说ISSUE,我是按照分类高频备的（这招很有用，多谢大家的提点，后期节省了很多时间）用的是全国高频加厦门08年1-3月的高频，按技术、政治、历史、教育、学科类的顺序来列提纲，搜资料的。看过所有ISSUE题，重点熟悉高频题。如果时间足够多的话，还是应该多写高频题，多列提纲，提纲最好详细到：立场—3个观点+例子—结尾。海洋的牛人和北大的小杨都列过80篇以上的高频提纲，我比较不如，只列过40篇。
例子也最好按分类准备，比如说技术类，准备一批，政治类，准备一批，这样就容易融会贯通，后期会发现有时候一个例子几乎全通用，只要你有心，没有用不上 的~呵呵，看你怎么掰了~而且例子方面建议要勤快更换，参考书和网上的一些例子几乎都被用烂了（可是我在考场上这点做得不好，用了老例子~），最好是自己 熟悉的例子，用时可以手到擒来，并且不容易出错。像我用的政治类和艺术类的例子大多是中国的，中国的领导人，中国的文学家，中国的历史事件，呵呵，毕竟对 自己国家还是更有感情。修瑞曾经说过，应尽量用老美熟悉的例子，美国的历史，欧洲的艺术家，希腊和罗马的文化，还有圣经。但是，短期内还真是难以完全“欧 美化”，况且评分人不都是“truly edcated”的吗？相信他们的知识应该够广泛吧，中国好歹是大国，重大人物和事件也应有所耳闻吧，不过也别准备的太骗偏了，估计要是给他整出个唐中宗 年代的例子，除非他是研究中国古代史方面的专家，否则还是得晕菜~

再说说argument吧。海洋的牛人说，他246篇argue全列过提纲，对此我只有顶礼膜拜了。我只列了100篇，然后就实在撑不住了，时间也不允 许，所以后100来篇只是找了找错误。但是全部看一遍argue题还是很有必要，起码熟悉了一遍题目，预防在考场上看不懂题而影响理解。不过有些题的确比 较变态，我就记得那道“彗星撞地球”的题，当时看都看不明白，郁闷的只想去撞墙……开始的时候比较担忧，因为我是还剩10天的时候才来看argue, 但是大家劝我不要太紧张，因为argue相对容易，后来事实也证明的确如此。看看范文，整理出模板，基本也就差不多了，而且整理出模板后，基本上后面也不 会有太多的变化。考试的时候比较幸运，抽到的是那道关于“建议员工参加快速阅读课程”的题，张雷东在课堂上讲过，讲义也有详细论述，我当时在考场上看到它 时，就松了一口气，知道下面的只是时间问题了，不会再被不确定的因素担惊受怕了。总体而言，argue还是比issue简单的多，GRE作文重点还是在 issue，毕竟观点原创和独立论述比较难。
。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。


1. 新东方的《GRE作文大讲堂－方法、素材、题目剖析》：强烈推荐这本书。这本书是最近新东方刚出版的，是由新东方集团目前的GRE作文首席讲师韦晓亮编著 的，由于出版的晚，因此个人认为是最全面、信息量最新的一本书，而且极大的吸收了前几本书的优点，作文gter们来说，应该首选这本书作为GRE作文或者 托福作文的备考，里面有每一个题目的中英文提纲，同时拥有G友们最头疼的“论据素材库”和“论证语言库”，尤其是论证语言库，建议把里面的那些漂亮的段落 背诵80%的话，你的语言和思想绝对上升一个台阶。个人认为不足之处是：范文偏少。将来应该再提供更多的一些范文。
2. 孙远的《GRE写作》，这本书应该是中国GRE写作的第一本，因此大家比较熟悉，孙远的书语言很好，当时可用的信息太少，尤其是在现在的版本中去掉了“工 具箱”，使得这本书的利用价值已经不大了。只不过这本书名气实在太大，但是太老了，已经过时了，已经被其他基本书的质量完全甩在了身后，不推荐买这本。
3. 《北美范文精选》，这本书是地道的美国人写的文章，经过中国人翻译之后，形成了现在的风格，优点在于，其范文写的质量很高，很漂亮，大概有100来篇，但 是这本书的范文是备考GRE作文的中国同学望尘莫及的，操作性不够，语言很漂亮，但想效仿太难，对于短期备考用处不大，而且大家不可能逐一去背诵里面的范 文，总之，这本书的质量很不错，但是好的东西未必能发挥其最大的益处。建议《GRE作文大讲堂》＋《北美范文》这种搭配也是我现在的搭配，感觉很棒，有这 两本书就绝对够了，最完美的搭配。
4. 钱坤强的《GRE作文5.5分－issue篇》和《GRE作文5.5分－argument篇》，个人觉得这本书里的文章逻辑不合常理，感觉很多题目有跑题 之嫌，尤其是Argument里面，很多逻辑错误攻击的时候很牵强，issue里的范文还不错，但也只能部分参考，因为作者的写作思维似乎和常人不进相 同，语言优美，论据充足，但依然是有些文章的逻辑无法让人理解，由于这本书网上有电子版，因此部分参考就可以了，不需要买了。
5. 猴哥的《满分作文》，这本书的优点是也是对每个题目给出了英文提纲，同时分析了每一个argument题目的逻辑错误，但是英文提纲里的错误太多，基本上 是网上网友们的东西，作者直接放到了书里，建议猴哥的书不用买，但是满分网的确是非常好的网www.manfen.net，里面有猴哥《满分作文》的电子 版下载，可以及时的参考网友们写的文章。关于argument，猴哥给出了详细的逻辑错误介绍，但个人认为没有必要花那么大的篇幅去分析每一个 Argument题目，因为gre的逻辑错误也就8大种，各个题目在逻辑错误上是相似和相通的，关键在于掌握每个逻辑错误的形式、攻击语言就可以了，自己 去准备题库里的argument的逻辑错误，比参考别人的要有效的多。

杨鹏《十七天搞定GRE单词》

　杨鹏《十七天搞定GRE单词》

　　孔子曰：“豫则立，不豫则废”，意思是凡事如果不做好计划，必将失败。老祖宗的话今天已经成为了工商管理界的金科玉律。能否成功地使用笔者的背单词的方法的关键，就在于能否作出周密的计划，并且坚决的执行下去

　　笔者现在以最经典地红宝书为例，系统地讲解一下背单词地全过程。

红宝书共51个List，每个List在12－13页之间。平均每个List有121个单词，平均每页10个。请本书的读者在第一次背单词的时候，为自己 定下的记忆标准一定不能太高。过高的标准只能增加学习者的记忆量，降低工作效率，挫伤其信心，有百害而无一利。有些同学喜欢第一遍背单词的时候就把拼写， 音标，英文翻译全部都背下来，背一个单词需要好几分钟，被单词的效率自然很低。对于GRE和GMAT 的考生而言，前两者（拼写和发音）根本没有必要完全记住，有模糊记忆即可，因为这两种考试对单词的考察标准只是再认而已，除了个别的形近词之外 （如：ascent/accent/assent），背词者根本不必去研究其准确的拼写和发音，而应该把自己的记忆标准定位于再认（识别）。至于英文释 义，笔者认为一定要看，但是在一个大的背词周期结束以前（约一个月左右），除非是对这个单词的中文释义不理解，否则不适合去研究，原因很简单，因为学习者 此时的单词量还不够，对于大多数英文释义都存在着理解上的问题。初记单词时需要记忆的内容是：1单词的外观特征，达到能够识别此单词即可。比如单词的长短，起始字母，特征（如中间有两个元音ee）等等。就比如我 们认人，我们只要大致知道一个人的性别，高矮，胖瘦，老幼，服装，就能够知道是张三还是李四。而他到底身高1.83还是1.84米，体重是160斤还是 150斤根本就不需要知道。实际上，我们人类的识别系统极其发达，有的时候即使我们对一个人的特征数据一点也说不出来。对于单词也是如此，只要看到时能够 认识它，就达到了背单词的目的。而且随着日后对单词不断地重复，我们对单词的记忆慢慢加深，到那时你自然就会在不经意间记住很多单词的拼写和发音。2单词 的中文释义。这种记忆应当尽量准确，但是不必一字不差，意思准确即可。3单词的记忆法。这是红宝书中极其有价值的一个部分，可以大幅度地提高学习者地记忆 效率。尤其是词根，词缀记忆法和比较记忆法，能够迅速扩大读者的单词量，起到让记忆者触类旁通，举一反三的作用。这部分是一定要看的。至于例句，读者可以 根据自己的实际情况决定看与不看，如果对单词的用法却是不太理解，可以一看。

　　经过笔者自己的实践和对同学们背单词的实际情况来测算，以这样的标准第一遍背一页红宝书单词（10个）需要5分钟。这时第一个记忆周期已到，请 读者在背下一页前，立即返回第一个单词，把这10个单词迅速复习一遍。因为此时对单词的记忆程度在90％以上，所以只需要几十秒钟，但是对于记忆这些单词 所起的作用是极大的。第二页也是如法炮制。用这种方法背过6页以后，第二个记忆周期（30分钟）已到，立即从第一页开始复习。由于这些单词刚刚背过两遍， 所以这一遍复习也只需要三分钟。然后用同样的方法背1～12页。整个List大约一个小时。

　　用以上的方法背过的单词一定会记得很牢固。因为这种方法不但利用及时的复习改造了遗忘曲线，延缓了遗忘速度，而且基本上克服了前摄抑制和后摄抑 制的影响。相当于每一个List被分成12个小的单元，每个小的单元自成一个复习系统；每6个小单元组成一个大单元，2个大单元各自成为一个复习系统，很 大程度上避免了先后输入的信息之间的互相干扰。同时，这种在一个短时间内反复复习的方法，也起到了对所记忆的单词进行过渡学习的效果，有助于把这些单词的 记忆形成功的延续到下一个复习周期。

　　本背词法的标准速度是一天花3个小时背下3个新的List。笔者建议本书的读者选择上午特别是早晨的时间来背新单词，因为此时人的生物节律处于 最高峰背单词的记忆力最好，而且也不存在对日常琐事的前摄干扰。到了晚上，也就是背过单词的12个小时之后，到了第三个记忆周期，一定要复习今天新背过的 单词。晚上复习的有点在于，由于背过单词后就要睡觉，所以不存在后摄干扰，有助于保持记忆。笔者经过仔细测算，发现对于绝大多数的同学来讲，这一遍复习只 需要第一遍背单词的不到三分之一的时间，即每个List小于或等于20分钟，3个List在50～60分钟之间，注意请读者把这一遍复习的顺序与早晨初背 的顺序作一个调换，如早晨的顺序是List1，List2，List3，则这一遍请调整为List2，List3，List1，其目的在于根本克服前摄抑 制和后摄抑制的问题。在以后的复习当中，读者可以根据自己的情况灵活地调整复习地顺序，把以前记得最不清楚地部分放到自己记得最牢固地位置。

　　其后的复习模式请按照前面所讲的方法继续下去，分别在1天后，再过2天，4天，7天，15天后作复习。这里的天数是指时间间隔的天数，而不是指 第几天。也就是说，如果10月1日早晨背的单词，晚上要复习，2号，4号，8号，15号，30号各自要作一次复习。等到这个大循环结束后，背词者对单词的 记忆可以说是非常熟练了，因为他对每一个单词都背过至少9遍。在此之后，背词者只需要每天花上45分钟左右复习3个List，就可以对所有的红宝书单词一 直保持牢不可破的记忆。

　　　整个背单词的过程需要背词者有一个周密的计划。考虑到读者对此可能缺乏经验，笔者在下面替大家安排了一份背单词的计划，这也是笔者两年前自己用来背单词的时间表：　　

1	2	3	4	5	6	7
List 1-3 *List 1-3	List 4-6 *List 1-3 *List 4-6	List 7-9 *List 4-6 *List 7-9	List 10-12 *List 1-3 *List 10-12	List 13-15 *List 4-6 *List 10-12 *List 13-15	List 16-18 *List 7-9 *List 13-15 *List 16-18	List 19-21 *List 10-12 *List 16-18 *List 19-21
8	9	10	11	12	13	14
List 22-24 *List 1-3 *List 13-15 *List 19-21 *List 22-24	List 25-27 *List 4-6 * List 16-18 * List 22-24 * List 25-27	List 28-30 *List 7-9 * List 19-21 * List 25-27 *List 28-30	List 31-33 * List 10-12 * List 22-24 * List 28-30 *List 31-33	List 34-36 * List 13-15 * List 25-27 * List 31-33 *List 34-36	List 37-39 * List 16-18 * List 28-30 * List 34-36 *List 37-39	List 40-42 * List 19-21 * List 31-33 * List 37-39 * List 40-42
15	16	17	18	19	20	21
List 43-45 * List 1-3 * List 22-24 * List 34-36 * List 40-42 *List 43-45	List 46-48 * List 4-6 * List 25-27 * List 37-39 *List 43-45 * List 46-48	List 49-51 * List 7-9 * List 28-30 * List 40-42 * List 46-48 * List 49-51	*List 10-12 *List 31-33 *List 43-45 * List 49-51	*List 13-15 *List 34-36 *List 46-48	*List 16-18 *List 37-39 * List 49-51	*List 19-21 * List 40-42
22	23	24	25	26	27	28
*List 22-24 *List 43-45	* List 25-27 * List 46-48	*List 28-30 * List 49-51	*List 31-33	*List 34-36	*List 37-39	* List 40-42
29	30	31	32	33	34	35
*List 43-45	*List 1-3 * List 46-48	*List 4-6 * List 49-51	*List 7-9	*List 10-12	*List 13-15	*List 16-18
36	37	38	39	40	41	42
*List 19-21	*List 22-24	* List 25-27	*List 28-30	*List 31-33	*List 34-36	*List 37-39
43	44	45	46	47	48	49
* List 40-42	*List 43-45	*List 46-48	* List 49-51

前17天的每个单元格中的不带星号的第一行是每天第一遍新背的单词，下面带有星号的单词是以前背过的，需要复习的单词。

　　我们来分析一下这个时间表。前3天和第18天之后的任务量相对较小，可以不用去管它。第4，5，6，7这几天每天要花3个小时背新单词，3个小 时复习以前的单词，加在一起是6个小时；第8天到第14天每天要花7个小时；第15，16，17，这3天的任务量最大，每天要花8个小时。到第17天之 后，不需要背任何新的单词，而且背词者对红宝书中的80％以上的单词已经复习了多遍，已经很熟悉了，于是复习的任务量也大幅度地下降，所以整个的背单词任 务就只剩下扫尾工作了。也就是说，如果要想17天把这些单词基本搞定，从第8天到第17天中间的这10天最关键，能不能咬牙挺住，决定了这场与单词的搏斗 能否成功。至于这种背单词方法的效果，相信只要大概地研究一下上面地时间表，任何人都不会有疑问：只要能够坚持下来，一定可以记得很牢。简单地统计一下， 仅仅在前17天中背过的单词便高达4万零3百词次，平均每个红宝书单词背过6.5次，背词者对于70％到80％的单词的掌握都可以达到很熟练的程度。

　　执行本计划的注意事项：

　　第一：读者可以根据自己的实际情况对上面的时间表作修改，不必泥古不化。不过请记住一点，那就是复习弊背新词重要。如果时间实在安排不开，宁可不背新词，但是一定要完成复习的任务。

　　第二：背新单词最好安排在早晨或是中午，以便在12小时猴的晚上作复习。在两天以上的复习周期中，不必拘泥于复习单词的时间到底是在早晨还是在晚上。

　　第三：在背单词的过程中，一定要发挥主观能动性，勤于思考，勤于比较，多多使用，努力增加对单词的思维过程，一次来给单词赋予更多的意义。前面 讲过，一个人对于有意义的材料的记忆程度要远远超过无意义的材料，所以请读者尽量避免作机械记忆。笔者当初背词之时，不管是眼中所见，耳中所闻，还是心中 所想，都习惯性的去想有没有相应的GRE词汇，其同意词和反义词是什么，这在很大程度上增加了对单词的记忆时间以及记忆程度。

　　第四：任何人背单词，肯定都存在一定比例的单词是他难记住的。背词者对于这些单词重复的遍数一定要超过其他单词，请找个小本记录下来放在兜里， 一有空就拿出来背一背。还有一个比较好的方法是在书上背不下来的单词左边做个星号，每次复习时加以重点记忆，别的单词背一遍，它背两遍作重点复习。而随着 复习的遍数的增多，有一些单词旁边的星号会比较多，三星以上的单词就一定时对于你来讲特别难背的单词了，更要收集起来反复的背。

　　第五：17天之后，就可以开始作题了。背单词的最好方法就是与作题结合起来，通过在实战中反复遇到这些单词，可以大大加快对于单词的反应速度和理解深度。

　　第六：对于所有的单词完成15天的复习周期之后，千万不可认为既然大功告成就可以不再复习了。单词一天不背就会忘，一个月不背就会前功尽弃。请坚持每天45分钟左右的时间复习3个List，可保无忧。这时学习者应该开始把注意力集中到看这些单词的英文释义和例句了。

　　第七：每次复习的方法都应该是只看英文单词，遮住中文释义，想这个单词的意思。如果你想不出来或是想错了就意味着这个单词没记住，需要重点记 忆。复习的遍数越多，记不住的单词就越少，复习的速度也将会越来越快。按照笔者的背词法，12个小时的那一次复习，第一次复习的时候一个List需要20 分钟；到了15天的这个复习周期，大约只需要15分钟。等到读者什么时候可以在10分钟内复习完一个List背单词的第一关已经完全通过了。尤其需要注意 的是，在每一次复习的时候，切切不可放任自己偷懒，即：不遮住中文释义以试图回忆该英文单词的意思，而是简简单单的中，英文又重读一遍，这种复习的方法速 度虽快，但是远远达不到笔者所要求的复习效果。因为从记忆的规律来讲，试图回忆是一种比简单重复学习更为积极的过程，可以使记忆过程中更为专心，因为每一 次复习过程都是一次小的记忆测试，为了能够在下一个复习点到来时可以回忆起该单词，背词者必须在记忆每一个单词的时候都更为集中精力地记忆。换句话说，这 种试图回忆地复习标准更具挑战性，既加强了背单词地效果，又增加了背单词地乐趣。不但如此，使用这种复习标准地背单词者还可以更有这对性地找出那些尚不能 回忆或者回忆有误的地方，然后更为有效地解决这些问题。

　　第八：本方法进行到中间阶段地时候，是最为关键也是最为痛苦地时候，极其容易半途而废，请一定咬牙挺过去。如果实在坚持不下去了，就想想：“如 果放弃，前面地单词全都白背了，如果还是坚持不住，把一天3个List减少到2个List。还不行，放弃，去睡吧，看你能不能睡着。

　　从本质上来讲，背单词就是一个与遗忘不断的奋斗的过程，正可谓逆水行舟，不进则退。在这个过程中间决不可放弃，否则一日曝之，十日寒之，就又回 到了那种把单词从头背到尾，再从头背到尾的失败方案上了。真正想使用笔者的方法解决自己的单词问题的读者，一定要再这个阶段全身心地投入，破釜沉舟，百折 不回，把生活地中心完全放到背单词上，一旦挺过17天，就是光明大道。如果没有这种精神，笔者地方法在你身上是很容易失败的。不过话又说回来，没有这样的 精神，你做什么事情恐怕也都比较容易失败。你考不好GRE等出国考试倒也无所谓，你的其他命运呢？To be or not to be,This is a question.

　　最后一点请大家记住地就是仅仅记住这些单词的中文释义，这只是你对这些单词掌握的开始，而对于他们的实际意义的理解，还需要你在作题，阅读和日常使用中不断地去深入了解，才能真正地最终提高自己的词汇水平乃至于英语水平。